tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-63343883885990176882024-03-06T15:04:12.088+08:00Environmental StudyEnvironmental study, radiochemistry, radiation, gamma spec, alpha spec, edxrf, LSC, survey meter, water quality, schedule online, student FYP, method, research, UiTM, Escansehzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10581460158131896228noreply@blogger.comBlogger19125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6334388388599017688.post-90767924893246619642012-02-27T13:59:00.002+08:002012-02-27T14:08:35.567+08:00how to used pressed pellet<div style="text-align: justify;">video below show how to make a pellet for EDXRF measurement using Fusion Machine. clean all the tools that need to be used using acetone. follow the step carefully. video below show the preparation for soil samples. other solid sample apply the same methods.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyf8U9vKJeKoysTjPDIl8GTbCxKmla2ApK6Tu6aBIlB3vTIPw4PtbEC1YhBTL7EBmF_7NNvzgM_Q6ZnNTolsQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Hope this will help</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Thanks for watching...</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>sehzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10581460158131896228noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6334388388599017688.post-71413013541355953922011-07-17T00:53:00.002+08:002011-07-17T01:00:18.046+08:00Toxic Heavy Metals<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">Toxic Heavy Metals</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">(Source: <a href="http://www.caobisco.com/doc_uploads/nutritional_factsheets/metals.pdf">caobisco</a>)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Lead (Pb)</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The main sources of lead pollution in the environment are: Industrial production processes and their emissions, road traffic with leaded petrol, the smoke and dust emissions of coal and gas-fired power stations, the laying of lead sheets by roofers as well as the use of paints and anti-rust agents.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Lead can trigger both acute and chronic symptoms of poisoning.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Acute intoxications only occur through the consumption of relatively large single doses of soluble lead salts.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->In 1993, the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee for Additives and Contaminants (JECFA) reduced the value it had provisionally specified for adults in 1972, for tolerable lead consumption per week (PTWI - provisional tolerable weekly intake), from 0.05 mg/kg body weight to 0.025 mg (or 25 µg).</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The lead content in drinking water presents a problem in many countries. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Thus, the present WHO guideline of 50<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>µg/l is exceeded in Great Britain, for example, in 34 % of households.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Cadmium (Cd)</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Cadmium (world production in 1972, 15 000 t) exists in low concentrations in all soils. It is actively extracted from its ores for commercial purposes and is also emitted in industrial processes such as metal melting and refining, coal and oil-fired power stations, electroplating plants, etc.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Cadmium is today regarded as the most serious contaminant of the modern age.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>It is absorbed by many plants and seacreatures and, because of its toxicity, presents a major problem for foodstuffs. Contamination through fertilisers becomes an increasing problem.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Unlike lead, cadmium contamination cannot be removed from plants by washing them; it is distributed throughout the organism. It is often difficult to be certain of the cause of a cadmium content found in fruit or vegetables, as the substance in its natural form exists everywhere in the soil and is absorbed by the roots.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Cadmium is concentrated particularly in the kidneys, the liver, the blood forming organs and the lungs.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>It most frequently results in kidney damage (necrotic protein precipitation) and metabolic anomalies caused by enzyme inhibitions.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Cadmium, like lead, is a cumulative poison, i.e. the danger lies primarily in the regular consumption of foodstuffs with low contamination.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->In most countries, there are legal regulations regarding permissible cadmium contamination levels.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>As a rule, these are based on the PTWI value last set by the JECFA of the FAO/WHO in 1989 of about 7<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>µg/kg body weight, corresponding with a quantity of 0.4-0.5 mg per person (70 kg) per week.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->One problem of a special kind is the smoking of tobacco. 20 cigarettes a day provide a cadmium input of 4 µg.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore">3.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Mercury (Hg)</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Passes into the environment through emissions from chemical plants (paints, paper, chlorine, plant pesticides) and power stations, mostly in effluents and sludge.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Mercury becomes concentrated in shellfish, crustaceans and fish and thus also passes, in the form of highly toxic mercury methylate, into the human food chain.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Mercury in the form of its methyl compounds is specifically the most toxic of the heavy metals.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->When consumed orally, it first passes into the liver, the kidneys and the brain.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->In the case of chronic consumption, first cause tiredness, loss of appetite and weight loss. In the end the kidneys fail.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Muscular weakness and paralysis are typical.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The FAO/WHO Expert Committee (JECFA) has set a provisional maximum acceptable value for mercury consumption at 5 µg per kg body weight per week.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore">4.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Arsenic (As) (<a href="http://www.lef.org/protocols/prtcl-156.shtml">source</a>)</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Arsenic is the most common cause of acute heavy metal poisoning in adults and is number 1 on the ATSDR's "Top 20 List." </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Arsenic is released into the environment by the smelting process of copper, zinc, and lead, as well as by the manufacturing of chemicals and glasses.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Arsine gas is a common byproduct produced by the manufacturing of pesticides that contain arsenic.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Arsenic may be also be found in water supplies worldwide, leading to exposure of shellfish, cod, and haddock. Other sources are paints, rat poisoning, fungicides, and wood preservatives.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Target organs are the blood, kidneys, and central nervous, digestive, and skin systems (Roberts 1999; ATSDR ToxFAQs for Arsenic).</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore">5.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Others Heavy Metals</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Some heavy metals (the so-called trace elements) are essential in very small concentrations for the survival of all life forms, for example, copper, iron, zinc, chromium, molybdenum and others.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Nickel has often been associated recently with allergies (contact with jewellery and jeans buttons containing nickel).<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>There is no established knowledge of effects of this type when it is absorbed in the gastro-intestinal tract.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Cocoa is one of the foodstuffs with higher than average natural nickel contents.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The copper content of tomato dishes prepared in copper pots and having a copper content of 0.1-0.2 mg/kg body weight has already been found to cause digestive disturbances in sensitive consumers!<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>This is in spite of the specified tolerable quantity for daily consumption of 0.5 mg/kg.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:42.55pt;mso-add-space: auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Chromium, copper and zinc play major roles in modern industry and, in the vicinity of extraction or processing plants, the emissions arising are certainly capable of causing an undesirable contamination of agricultural products.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Considerable quantities have been found in fruit and vegetables.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>However, no adverse effects on health are known.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>It is nevertheless recommended not to omit these metals a priori from scrutiny.</p><p></p>sehzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10581460158131896228noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6334388388599017688.post-4324026489003204802011-06-27T21:41:00.003+08:002011-06-27T22:04:38.343+08:00Ionizing Radiation<div style="text-align: left;">What is Ionizing Radiation?</div><div><br /></div><div>Ionizing radiation is energy in the form of waves or particles that has enough force to </div><div>remove electrons from atoms (<a href="http://www.epa.gov/radiation/docs/402-f-06-061.pdf">USEPA</a>).</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Radiation that falls within the ionizing radiation" range has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, thus creating ions. This is the type of radiation that people usually think of as 'radiation.' We take advantage of its properties to generate electric power, to kill cancer cells, and in many manufacturing processes.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div> </div><div>and..</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Radiation that has enough energy to move atoms in a molecule around or cause them to vibrate, but not enough to remove electrons, is referred to as "<b>non-ionizing radiation.</b>" Examples of this kind of radiation are sound waves, visible light, and microwaves.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The energy of the radiation shown on the spectrum below increases from left to right as the frequency rises.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijgvArNDlrlBdeTx3IbdngFGY-NFbG1MBcYUPobDrWZ_oVXFILCrgzYehPYrbiH7vkf8vmRIjvGIIHZ1WQgx6gH-l5MWlzSQL726IpXyFV1MicD3nquGOpvPIIeY5si7h89nmlqT0nkh6Q/s400/Picture1.jpg" style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 219px;" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5622897343045226418" /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Longer wave length, lower frequency waves (heat and radio) have less energy than shorter wave length, higher frequency waves (X and gamma rays). Not all electromagnetic (EM) radiation is ionizing. Only the high frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum which includes X rays and gamma rays is ionizing (WHO).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>sehzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10581460158131896228noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6334388388599017688.post-56627653348734541072011-06-10T23:07:00.007+08:002011-06-11T00:20:20.609+08:00What is Radon<div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left; "><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">About Radon, (source: WHO)</span></div><div style="line-height: 18px; "><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; ">Radon is a chemically inert, naturally occurring radioactive gas. It has no smell, colour or taste. Radon is produced from the natural radioactive decay of uranium, which is found in rocks and soil. Radon can also be found in water.</span></div></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Radon escapes easily from the ground into the air, where it</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">disintegrates through short-lived decay products called radon progeny. As radon progeny decay, they emit radioactive alpha particles and attach to aerosols, dust and other particles in the air. As we breathe, radon progeny are deposited on the cells lining the airways where the alpha particles can damage DNA and potentially cause lung cancer.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Outdoor radon levels are usually very low. The average outdoor radon level varies between 5 and 15 Bq/m3 [Radon radioactivity is measured in Becquerel (Bq). One Becquerel corresponds to the transformation (disintegration) of one atomic nucleus per second. Radon concentration in air is measured by the number of transformations per second in a cubic metre of air (Bq/m3)]. Indoors, radon levels are higher, with highest levels found in places such as mines, caves and water treatment facilities.</span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Exposure of radiation:</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 13px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 18px; "><img src="http://www.who.int/entity/ionizing_radiation/en/pie_A.gif" style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 216px;" border="0" alt="" /></p></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">(<a href="http://www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/env/en/">Source: WHO</a>)</span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">How Radon enters a house?</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><div style="text-align: left; ">Radon enters homes through:</div><div style="text-align: left; "><ul><li>cracks at concrete floor-wall junctions</li><li>gaps in the floor</li><li>small pores in hollow-block walls</li><li>sumps and drains.</li></ul></div></span></span></div></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><img src="http://www.prlog.org/10349595-radon-gas-second-leading-cause-of-lung-cancer.jpg" style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 450px; height: 382px;" border="0" alt="" /><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span">(<a href="http://www.prlog.org/10349595-world-health-organization-who-sets-radon-action-level-of-27-less-lung-cancer-risk-than-epa-40.html">source: www.prlog.org</a>)</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span">Radon levels in homes can be reduced by:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span">improving the ventilation of the house</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span">avoiding the passage of radon from the basement into living rooms</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span">increasing under-floor ventilation</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span">installing a radon sump system in the basement</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span">sealing floors and walls</span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span">installing a positive pressurization or ventilation system.</span></li></ul></div></div><div><br /></div><img src="http://www.ab.ust.hk/hseo/sftywise/199504/fig1&2.jpg" style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 445px; height: 676px;" border="0" alt="" /><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span">(source: <a href="http://www.ab.ust.hk/hseo/sftywise/199504/page1.htm">http://www.ab.ust.hk/hseo/sftywise/199504/page1.htm</a>)</span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><div style="text-align: left;">Risk Assessment <a href="http://www.saintlouisradon.com/radon-health-risks.html">(source)</a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Exposure to radon, no matter how much exposure, does not mean you will get lung cancer. The risks associated with contracting lung cancer are in relationship to the amount of time exposed and the average Radon concentration levels.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Most radiation protection specialists believe, (at a minimum), that if you are continuously exposed to levels at or above 4 pCi/L then you are at risk. The US EPA's action level for Radon is 4 pCi/L. The World Health Organization has recently suggested that the action level should be 2.7 pCi/L, 33% lower than the current EPA action level. </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">The EPA has identified radon exposure as the number one cause of lung cancer in non smokers, and second only to smoking overall. Smokers generally have about 10 times higher risk than non smokers. Risk assessments associated with elevated radon concentrations are considered to be linear, meaning higher levels and longer duration of exposure increase risk assessment accordingly to the increase in concentration and amount of time exposed.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">EPA risk assessment data from radon exposure is based on a lifetime of exposure.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul><li>Not everyone exposed to even high levels of radon will contract radon induced lung cancer.</li><li>All radon levels can be lowered, which lowers the risk assessment.</li></ul></div></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span">read more about radon:</span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="http://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/2006/09-81160_Report_Annex_E_2006_Web.pdf">UNCEAR: Sources to effects assessment for radon in homes and workplaces</a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547673_eng.pdf">WHO: WHO HANDBOOK ON INDOOR RADON: A PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE</a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div>sehzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10581460158131896228noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6334388388599017688.post-90032500092506980972011-05-20T19:20:00.041+08:002011-05-20T22:19:51.296+08:00Gamma Spectrometry - Efficiency Calculation for K-40<div style="background:#ffffff; padding:5px 8px 5px 8px;"><span><font color="black"><br /><div><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman""><span class="Apple-style-span">Gamma Efficiency for K-40</span><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span class="Apple-style-span">Activity<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Define activity, A = </i><span class="apple-style-span"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span>Number of spontaneous disintegrations in a source in one second.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="apple-style-span"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span>Unit of activity, A = Bq (</span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span>Becquerel)<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <span class="apple-style-span"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; ">Activity, A</span></i></b></span></div><div><span class="apple-style-span"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><br /></span></i></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFI3CWetmaEHT5NBC5P08w7Bd9whLf4syXkLsFTRH3gYM7JPyoG_verF075o3VKg1C_zQNfF4uQI-X88pGFd1bZ2BEZ9Tm_SnE-zLI72XFS_NDoV3FCxODKmN7I_htJdfZyGK3qwelYdP-/s1600/image001.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><span class="Apple-style-span"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 71px; height: 36px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFI3CWetmaEHT5NBC5P08w7Bd9whLf4syXkLsFTRH3gYM7JPyoG_verF075o3VKg1C_zQNfF4uQI-X88pGFd1bZ2BEZ9Tm_SnE-zLI72XFS_NDoV3FCxODKmN7I_htJdfZyGK3qwelYdP-/s400/image001.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608779638060278162" /></span></a></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFI3CWetmaEHT5NBC5P08w7Bd9whLf4syXkLsFTRH3gYM7JPyoG_verF075o3VKg1C_zQNfF4uQI-X88pGFd1bZ2BEZ9Tm_SnE-zLI72XFS_NDoV3FCxODKmN7I_htJdfZyGK3qwelYdP-/s1600/image001.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUfNrrcg8YqgE6pU-BSNyPxMM2pQGx3qY0i-ZMBDIcQyQytzRlVvd8zIu0_MeVQXBKx1964x5WFfoqUJ2P2HgY5WuQTZNmAVgcvIA5Yy9OdX6XNnRB276qX2zu6EHDxanFJo9dJdc4iU4e/s1600/image002.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 66px; height: 36px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUfNrrcg8YqgE6pU-BSNyPxMM2pQGx3qY0i-ZMBDIcQyQytzRlVvd8zIu0_MeVQXBKx1964x5WFfoqUJ2P2HgY5WuQTZNmAVgcvIA5Yy9OdX6XNnRB276qX2zu6EHDxanFJo9dJdc4iU4e/s400/image002.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608779635722936258" /></a></div><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY2oT-svRrWG2jlK6nUpbVo8G6nWSM32a07dGpXANgCtm1vMxtDrTO5jtRj8dS7aKjzL0tOYRhu2VN5dHKzB_j19Po6Bw8k5qh8BzCeF-a-M4QR8sk8vQBt2WRtmKuIJqtDmT_EwLwcCx7/s1600/image003.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY2oT-svRrWG2jlK6nUpbVo8G6nWSM32a07dGpXANgCtm1vMxtDrTO5jtRj8dS7aKjzL0tOYRhu2VN5dHKzB_j19Po6Bw8k5qh8BzCeF-a-M4QR8sk8vQBt2WRtmKuIJqtDmT_EwLwcCx7/s1600/image003.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 56px; height: 19px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY2oT-svRrWG2jlK6nUpbVo8G6nWSM32a07dGpXANgCtm1vMxtDrTO5jtRj8dS7aKjzL0tOYRhu2VN5dHKzB_j19Po6Bw8k5qh8BzCeF-a-M4QR8sk8vQBt2WRtmKuIJqtDmT_EwLwcCx7/s400/image003.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608779631551553362" /></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast">N = Number of atom for K40<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">λ </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>= Decay constant<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">t <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>= Time</span></i></span></div></i></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><span class="apple-style-span"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; ">Specific Activity</span></i></b></span></div><div><span class="apple-style-span"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><br /></span></i></b></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigmIyx4IIJTJ64l0tv57q4K4Qt2CXHv1knlTEJZ0sKhQ77wV0GdL0WFBqPRToO5cV-S07WK1irNfqY2hP1D1Uu1gs4LaR4BvEyqOzn-kkAOL-uoUdvS-qGUFmvmztYFwoL4B-PcxUVB7n1/s1600/image004.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 224px; height: 39px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigmIyx4IIJTJ64l0tv57q4K4Qt2CXHv1knlTEJZ0sKhQ77wV0GdL0WFBqPRToO5cV-S07WK1irNfqY2hP1D1Uu1gs4LaR4BvEyqOzn-kkAOL-uoUdvS-qGUFmvmztYFwoL4B-PcxUVB7n1/s400/image004.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608779626251156642" /></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiscpMP6oQ9-oM9ZQ0qy_CuvKe-txBpj1F34WkOWbBiCU5LecJpdA8xMPzB3KA4fKwH_5cSTSFnRZSn7WF5o97Z8Zkl0oqWkTQp9x77MCNQhNrxm8LvXX9h5STT-P-6r1G_0_2rEKXgNuWH/s1600/image005.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 205px; height: 40px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiscpMP6oQ9-oM9ZQ0qy_CuvKe-txBpj1F34WkOWbBiCU5LecJpdA8xMPzB3KA4fKwH_5cSTSFnRZSn7WF5o97Z8Zkl0oqWkTQp9x77MCNQhNrxm8LvXX9h5STT-P-6r1G_0_2rEKXgNuWH/s400/image005.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608779622649869826" /></a></div></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiscpMP6oQ9-oM9ZQ0qy_CuvKe-txBpj1F34WkOWbBiCU5LecJpdA8xMPzB3KA4fKwH_5cSTSFnRZSn7WF5o97Z8Zkl0oqWkTQp9x77MCNQhNrxm8LvXX9h5STT-P-6r1G_0_2rEKXgNuWH/s1600/image005.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">Half-life</span></i></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "></span></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><i><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmOETHfi9W8SkwsY4snNm2otNs6Sj1tIGNcmN3U5fGEVHsI0Kdc7dYM72fQ5sRlEr8rB_tJkBg4WBlQkitxe41CnLH8YTzwYzv14taFNteByXD50e1kYhyphenhyphenjDAo7InYuttSRPBkQ9sifq_1/s1600/image006.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 61px; height: 36px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmOETHfi9W8SkwsY4snNm2otNs6Sj1tIGNcmN3U5fGEVHsI0Kdc7dYM72fQ5sRlEr8rB_tJkBg4WBlQkitxe41CnLH8YTzwYzv14taFNteByXD50e1kYhyphenhyphenjDAo7InYuttSRPBkQ9sifq_1/s400/image006.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608779410796524866" /></a></span></div></i></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmOETHfi9W8SkwsY4snNm2otNs6Sj1tIGNcmN3U5fGEVHsI0Kdc7dYM72fQ5sRlEr8rB_tJkBg4WBlQkitxe41CnLH8YTzwYzv14taFNteByXD50e1kYhyphenhyphenjDAo7InYuttSRPBkQ9sifq_1/s1600/image006.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><br /><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">λ</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> is a decay constant, therefore</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVafuDhRsTKHmXsKAXf1PhS0ver_9sW-g6An3xCXpoMgFVvJHn0-8eyzYhw7h3WUCf4-JLLs-jxcEKz3qjq8pltWuiPXGuf1Oz2EvVATAVzEBNUQCYlif0Nxy_3TBimRCg1U-KCfv34z3v/s1600/image007.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVafuDhRsTKHmXsKAXf1PhS0ver_9sW-g6An3xCXpoMgFVvJHn0-8eyzYhw7h3WUCf4-JLLs-jxcEKz3qjq8pltWuiPXGuf1Oz2EvVATAVzEBNUQCYlif0Nxy_3TBimRCg1U-KCfv34z3v/s1600/image007.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 59px; height: 46px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVafuDhRsTKHmXsKAXf1PhS0ver_9sW-g6An3xCXpoMgFVvJHn0-8eyzYhw7h3WUCf4-JLLs-jxcEKz3qjq8pltWuiPXGuf1Oz2EvVATAVzEBNUQCYlif0Nxy_3TBimRCg1U-KCfv34z3v/s400/image007.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608779404090697234" /></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt"><b>How to calculate Activity and efficiency of K40 in KCl for Gamma Spectrometry<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt"><b>(eg. Standard KCl, 400g was used to calibrate the gamma spectrometry)</b><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "><b>a) Calculate Mass of K in KCl</b></span></i></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnPSRT5yCzGHDEsCGMS1vNGLzhomiB2W0_3u_pxg-gYmRmETRV8RRhxsokKPXMiNJDO_89WlBCv5qD7QP66jP6AKrikXkFuYGyNDUpfbA5bi7_dvZD9DX4lV4sgSMA3yePdNrVsaLFXFh0/s1600/image008.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><span class="Apple-style-span"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 278px; height: 36px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnPSRT5yCzGHDEsCGMS1vNGLzhomiB2W0_3u_pxg-gYmRmETRV8RRhxsokKPXMiNJDO_89WlBCv5qD7QP66jP6AKrikXkFuYGyNDUpfbA5bi7_dvZD9DX4lV4sgSMA3yePdNrVsaLFXFh0/s400/image008.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608779400306235682" /></span></a></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnPSRT5yCzGHDEsCGMS1vNGLzhomiB2W0_3u_pxg-gYmRmETRV8RRhxsokKPXMiNJDO_89WlBCv5qD7QP66jP6AKrikXkFuYGyNDUpfbA5bi7_dvZD9DX4lV4sgSMA3yePdNrVsaLFXFh0/s1600/image008.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI6eeagSYNnxWPXblM8kpP3Su1q6oYGzIrc_QIcpQM8MktCb4j_nkigLGEsQy24JzrnZwVnFKa8FmvLeS9eVPYmP2zAJf7MRGjfAip6YKsDdzEsbi2ojdlugdUNMumkQFh4ROFPHTKvyrx/s1600/image009.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 179px; height: 40px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI6eeagSYNnxWPXblM8kpP3Su1q6oYGzIrc_QIcpQM8MktCb4j_nkigLGEsQy24JzrnZwVnFKa8FmvLeS9eVPYmP2zAJf7MRGjfAip6YKsDdzEsbi2ojdlugdUNMumkQFh4ROFPHTKvyrx/s400/image009.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608779393549043010" /></a><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilysGQOPxLPGN84SRyvhSXopmmt55XcjKyegpfIxph5H-FWsAji6vowVUC9G_ghW-jChWlZajiXff-qEjZXtSGol1CjoahiZiA2oV4-ttu824w4LmnDROcifPTAJPepVxSfMmeau0k1h5N/s1600/image010.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span">=</span> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilysGQOPxLPGN84SRyvhSXopmmt55XcjKyegpfIxph5H-FWsAji6vowVUC9G_ghW-jChWlZajiXff-qEjZXtSGol1CjoahiZiA2oV4-ttu824w4LmnDROcifPTAJPepVxSfMmeau0k1h5N/s1600/image010.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 177px; height: 19px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilysGQOPxLPGN84SRyvhSXopmmt55XcjKyegpfIxph5H-FWsAji6vowVUC9G_ghW-jChWlZajiXff-qEjZXtSGol1CjoahiZiA2oV4-ttu824w4LmnDROcifPTAJPepVxSfMmeau0k1h5N/s400/image010.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608779390321391954" /></a></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilysGQOPxLPGN84SRyvhSXopmmt55XcjKyegpfIxph5H-FWsAji6vowVUC9G_ghW-jChWlZajiXff-qEjZXtSGol1CjoahiZiA2oV4-ttu824w4LmnDROcifPTAJPepVxSfMmeau0k1h5N/s1600/image010.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">b) Calculate Mass K40 in 209.779 g K</span></i></b><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdY71VqTNU9bkccftdN9ARgrk1CwQCKXrZqvm4F5f29fCYLKdOclM79g_IkRsEJYjHR1zcz4LyipgL-SQ_-rHJiD-M8fPKL5doPYEt1fzHbzOqy8Z7Xs2Nlw3ECPN_GR1-Vn42NasgBQZn/s1600/image011.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span">= <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdY71VqTNU9bkccftdN9ARgrk1CwQCKXrZqvm4F5f29fCYLKdOclM79g_IkRsEJYjHR1zcz4LyipgL-SQ_-rHJiD-M8fPKL5doPYEt1fzHbzOqy8Z7Xs2Nlw3ECPN_GR1-Vn42NasgBQZn/s1600/image011.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 257px; height: 19px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdY71VqTNU9bkccftdN9ARgrk1CwQCKXrZqvm4F5f29fCYLKdOclM79g_IkRsEJYjHR1zcz4LyipgL-SQ_-rHJiD-M8fPKL5doPYEt1fzHbzOqy8Z7Xs2Nlw3ECPN_GR1-Vn42NasgBQZn/s400/image011.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608778630574816114" /></a><br />= <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDmCdZ7qaCvVs8cQIcLO_8CpsMgksNwrZCWWv3icb9p0YM60Jux0fzi4NsGFW_WZMMjdalrlILA7Z53KmnWvoiGTf7-UYX9BRGVlD9sVlpIn1fSpSfTkovTCvQn8NBZahKb5e_N_0rBNgD/s1600/image012.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 148px; height: 19px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDmCdZ7qaCvVs8cQIcLO_8CpsMgksNwrZCWWv3icb9p0YM60Jux0fzi4NsGFW_WZMMjdalrlILA7Z53KmnWvoiGTf7-UYX9BRGVlD9sVlpIn1fSpSfTkovTCvQn8NBZahKb5e_N_0rBNgD/s400/image012.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608778626352364402" /></a><br />= <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlrmzqyZIMRhLkwT32L53VismwnMxxVa6RC3gGbwoXv5xHq4u0aAzzUtZIrwPZ7Tc6XkppJnJHaJXD05q_G4y9rZoyrNyW8R7vUfCLFc2m-RwFDOjZUZF7yIVSEcIiiYCN_-lNfxsagCWv/s1600/image013.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 48px; height: 19px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlrmzqyZIMRhLkwT32L53VismwnMxxVa6RC3gGbwoXv5xHq4u0aAzzUtZIrwPZ7Tc6XkppJnJHaJXD05q_G4y9rZoyrNyW8R7vUfCLFc2m-RwFDOjZUZF7yIVSEcIiiYCN_-lNfxsagCWv/s400/image013.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608778619181525954" /></a> g</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlrmzqyZIMRhLkwT32L53VismwnMxxVa6RC3gGbwoXv5xHq4u0aAzzUtZIrwPZ7Tc6XkppJnJHaJXD05q_G4y9rZoyrNyW8R7vUfCLFc2m-RwFDOjZUZF7yIVSEcIiiYCN_-lNfxsagCWv/s1600/image013.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">c) Calculate Number of atom K40</span></i></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "></span></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><i><br /></i></b></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGQUlOdUDbndU6KzHe0wSG4HxSchJq_ycLiDDaMh6X1X98MP2JintfQjhbjCtidyrYmghcVVoe95njtcA6LODeVFmBMwBl4bmaY6O_J71nqgl_b_mOCr5Ofe3ZWKQ4at752Ps1hhZlYTG_/s1600/image014.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 27px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGQUlOdUDbndU6KzHe0wSG4HxSchJq_ycLiDDaMh6X1X98MP2JintfQjhbjCtidyrYmghcVVoe95njtcA6LODeVFmBMwBl4bmaY6O_J71nqgl_b_mOCr5Ofe3ZWKQ4at752Ps1hhZlYTG_/s400/image014.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608778616029241010" /></a><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJKrq2YD6X9veaK0HlRUEpr-S5VCgV63N22CnadyEzYOlchKEqqqAsLf2ZcvrBvRYiCP8t57rdsfUC8qsD8MUelejoNeYxa-pSqm_sfsY_0PLGf7ic4ejbKljj1txntKIWcKjMwcIlW5Dq/s1600/image015.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJKrq2YD6X9veaK0HlRUEpr-S5VCgV63N22CnadyEzYOlchKEqqqAsLf2ZcvrBvRYiCP8t57rdsfUC8qsD8MUelejoNeYxa-pSqm_sfsY_0PLGf7ic4ejbKljj1txntKIWcKjMwcIlW5Dq/s1600/image015.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 264px; height: 40px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJKrq2YD6X9veaK0HlRUEpr-S5VCgV63N22CnadyEzYOlchKEqqqAsLf2ZcvrBvRYiCP8t57rdsfUC8qsD8MUelejoNeYxa-pSqm_sfsY_0PLGf7ic4ejbKljj1txntKIWcKjMwcIlW5Dq/s400/image015.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608778613644704738" /></a><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-XRk0A7WMELgUAEUxpDt7xwkt1eu_I6ltueWgMeCzS2Aqv9dr4X9Duj6r2DtdGFwVuIB4tbv-KkdfImGghwYL0X9ul5TfFHozxJvXgp2xym_3BeFTjieme3B3NRv_c_TNd9vAGxFfixhw/s1600/image016.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-XRk0A7WMELgUAEUxpDt7xwkt1eu_I6ltueWgMeCzS2Aqv9dr4X9Duj6r2DtdGFwVuIB4tbv-KkdfImGghwYL0X9ul5TfFHozxJvXgp2xym_3BeFTjieme3B3NRv_c_TNd9vAGxFfixhw/s1600/image016.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 129px; height: 19px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-XRk0A7WMELgUAEUxpDt7xwkt1eu_I6ltueWgMeCzS2Aqv9dr4X9Duj6r2DtdGFwVuIB4tbv-KkdfImGghwYL0X9ul5TfFHozxJvXgp2xym_3BeFTjieme3B3NRv_c_TNd9vAGxFfixhw/s400/image016.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608778388354262530" /></a><br /><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt"><br /></span></i></b></span></div><div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt"><br /></span></i></b></div><div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">d) Calculate Decay constant, </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">λ for K40</span></i></b></span></i></b></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCI4dHrIHDwJnC_F7MJ-IgkLklM4QhqE-7rTj2cjZPs6txmKnfuYhOBTppVjTH1kiB9lgLfNZyFVDC_OGcqR6QCKMci-fPZurQzDNdEMLGhByOOOxu6VHGDtk-ClLr489Df-8C0EQaAHIc/s1600/image017.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><span class="Apple-style-span"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 57px; height: 45px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCI4dHrIHDwJnC_F7MJ-IgkLklM4QhqE-7rTj2cjZPs6txmKnfuYhOBTppVjTH1kiB9lgLfNZyFVDC_OGcqR6QCKMci-fPZurQzDNdEMLGhByOOOxu6VHGDtk-ClLr489Df-8C0EQaAHIc/s400/image017.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608778386856636290" /></span></a></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPJ5KHI4xU3hMmmynDazmHQGK7n3cCB3CaR2oB94Shmh6ypMrM-hxjbhiOCrZ-u8HPoE9gBaCEC6USh7UPFFVZKxkvcNDjoIH0-RTsXFDc6U9RLBeveUjkTNRCclVnUVMICrOsd6v73SDR/s1600/image018.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><span class="Apple-style-span"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 215px; height: 28px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPJ5KHI4xU3hMmmynDazmHQGK7n3cCB3CaR2oB94Shmh6ypMrM-hxjbhiOCrZ-u8HPoE9gBaCEC6USh7UPFFVZKxkvcNDjoIH0-RTsXFDc6U9RLBeveUjkTNRCclVnUVMICrOsd6v73SDR/s400/image018.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608778379011869426" /></span></a></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPJ5KHI4xU3hMmmynDazmHQGK7n3cCB3CaR2oB94Shmh6ypMrM-hxjbhiOCrZ-u8HPoE9gBaCEC6USh7UPFFVZKxkvcNDjoIH0-RTsXFDc6U9RLBeveUjkTNRCclVnUVMICrOsd6v73SDR/s1600/image018.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinsGq2dxs_f0Zqty209KoEvtBVsat9-M-vB6iodY9SjvrQaSO_rx3z2yXXUfLaIc3Qc1a2f-EI8rhBS0hMulHmrVI_VEO5lfbVkYI8_8Lo-tQE51EVe_CZmY0Qqm8kcRtTDYjMJLfXMg4V/s1600/image019.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 33px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinsGq2dxs_f0Zqty209KoEvtBVsat9-M-vB6iodY9SjvrQaSO_rx3z2yXXUfLaIc3Qc1a2f-EI8rhBS0hMulHmrVI_VEO5lfbVkYI8_8Lo-tQE51EVe_CZmY0Qqm8kcRtTDYjMJLfXMg4V/s400/image019.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608778376585680946" /></a></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinsGq2dxs_f0Zqty209KoEvtBVsat9-M-vB6iodY9SjvrQaSO_rx3z2yXXUfLaIc3Qc1a2f-EI8rhBS0hMulHmrVI_VEO5lfbVkYI8_8Lo-tQE51EVe_CZmY0Qqm8kcRtTDYjMJLfXMg4V/s1600/image019.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPBzZnSbtHRK16DI6-RuyeQ2JV4Bsw8eSojLUEK9gkK7xokjIWPDN60pLwR1SjVYcAWy_EYhgXrID1IaDZZyY1n2c8-ddWgZLFpPzbU7bz79o49JM2YvKO8bA_8aPWacKGsEtP2cMsMd3T/s1600/image020.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 127px; height: 19px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPBzZnSbtHRK16DI6-RuyeQ2JV4Bsw8eSojLUEK9gkK7xokjIWPDN60pLwR1SjVYcAWy_EYhgXrID1IaDZZyY1n2c8-ddWgZLFpPzbU7bz79o49JM2YvKO8bA_8aPWacKGsEtP2cMsMd3T/s400/image020.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608778370787688210" /></a></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPBzZnSbtHRK16DI6-RuyeQ2JV4Bsw8eSojLUEK9gkK7xokjIWPDN60pLwR1SjVYcAWy_EYhgXrID1IaDZZyY1n2c8-ddWgZLFpPzbU7bz79o49JM2YvKO8bA_8aPWacKGsEtP2cMsMd3T/s1600/image020.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpFtRnNWb5AQUz7c1YR-wB8qgq6joNYHAY_RND6F-fmqMcy_qTYy0Pq-61q9IDqfkpDtTPh1ZuYp7HuXfAZ5D_QZPluktV0lIgtFEIhSamtpj0Wvj1YCGA1vJJFl38ONfrCTf1kpQ4-jTw/s1600/image021.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 131px; height: 37px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpFtRnNWb5AQUz7c1YR-wB8qgq6joNYHAY_RND6F-fmqMcy_qTYy0Pq-61q9IDqfkpDtTPh1ZuYp7HuXfAZ5D_QZPluktV0lIgtFEIhSamtpj0Wvj1YCGA1vJJFl38ONfrCTf1kpQ4-jTw/s400/image021.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608778156083558978" /></a></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpFtRnNWb5AQUz7c1YR-wB8qgq6joNYHAY_RND6F-fmqMcy_qTYy0Pq-61q9IDqfkpDtTPh1ZuYp7HuXfAZ5D_QZPluktV0lIgtFEIhSamtpj0Wvj1YCGA1vJJFl38ONfrCTf1kpQ4-jTw/s1600/image021.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAF_Aj_gNkxE0Ii0oH8OIXcV8ZMqCLWZTirLmJmmQojs_Ib8u0HbGPhi7iWGyeL6Z0XS1z_o0j1wO52r5N0plG0z2bLi_0uJ5C3ERwv2iddgr4ei0F3BTRVlA_aMXOrhIZmM3WeqAGz4nV/s1600/image022.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 161px; height: 19px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAF_Aj_gNkxE0Ii0oH8OIXcV8ZMqCLWZTirLmJmmQojs_Ib8u0HbGPhi7iWGyeL6Z0XS1z_o0j1wO52r5N0plG0z2bLi_0uJ5C3ERwv2iddgr4ei0F3BTRVlA_aMXOrhIZmM3WeqAGz4nV/s400/image022.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608778154149713010" /></a></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">e) Calculate Activity K40 in KCl</span></i></b></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAF_Aj_gNkxE0Ii0oH8OIXcV8ZMqCLWZTirLmJmmQojs_Ib8u0HbGPhi7iWGyeL6Z0XS1z_o0j1wO52r5N0plG0z2bLi_0uJ5C3ERwv2iddgr4ei0F3BTRVlA_aMXOrhIZmM3WeqAGz4nV/s1600/image022.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2m8r-lVRrnBTlcKvwyEYFKS5X-JdWypTFYSO9IeQPqSKdR9KeYF5Z6EZKQp7MVjQMFH7o5oSbuX2gAiOv6-fcqAzfiS1Db9eqFoUrHhQQheJNbUCTW1QjiCD3ZYJfg-MzYjQJhowpzLiv/s1600/image023.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 119px; height: 19px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2m8r-lVRrnBTlcKvwyEYFKS5X-JdWypTFYSO9IeQPqSKdR9KeYF5Z6EZKQp7MVjQMFH7o5oSbuX2gAiOv6-fcqAzfiS1Db9eqFoUrHhQQheJNbUCTW1QjiCD3ZYJfg-MzYjQJhowpzLiv/s400/image023.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608778147227539202" /></a></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2m8r-lVRrnBTlcKvwyEYFKS5X-JdWypTFYSO9IeQPqSKdR9KeYF5Z6EZKQp7MVjQMFH7o5oSbuX2gAiOv6-fcqAzfiS1Db9eqFoUrHhQQheJNbUCTW1QjiCD3ZYJfg-MzYjQJhowpzLiv/s1600/image023.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCvqWLfArvWpas5UQOqPYdeevfpN1nffDcW9wgRfqiUtEuu2bU2fg20Qkp301F60Zkr-tPhnGPAImkxFW5PQIE66EnbJAcQ0iHFidnw14WI6RAY0-SwtfFYT4Ipih-78QZPHFTfSk55Fwl/s1600/image024.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 292px; height: 19px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCvqWLfArvWpas5UQOqPYdeevfpN1nffDcW9wgRfqiUtEuu2bU2fg20Qkp301F60Zkr-tPhnGPAImkxFW5PQIE66EnbJAcQ0iHFidnw14WI6RAY0-SwtfFYT4Ipih-78QZPHFTfSk55Fwl/s400/image024.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608778144440629746" /></a></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCvqWLfArvWpas5UQOqPYdeevfpN1nffDcW9wgRfqiUtEuu2bU2fg20Qkp301F60Zkr-tPhnGPAImkxFW5PQIE66EnbJAcQ0iHFidnw14WI6RAY0-SwtfFYT4Ipih-78QZPHFTfSk55Fwl/s1600/image024.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP0sb9EfD-id_bd-eaqio3YVQMeGM2LsEC0opC_KumxGy-wjLuZIeFcpuZYU6WpWslf5rxZsrhyphenhyphenFaEN4btp_7c_MrtV0TuUNTnUOKx2qeuXPqnEPW8dNzQ6yEqJuK0OYCLzzXtAPdaqpFB/s1600/image025.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 105px; height: 19px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP0sb9EfD-id_bd-eaqio3YVQMeGM2LsEC0opC_KumxGy-wjLuZIeFcpuZYU6WpWslf5rxZsrhyphenhyphenFaEN4btp_7c_MrtV0TuUNTnUOKx2qeuXPqnEPW8dNzQ6yEqJuK0OYCLzzXtAPdaqpFB/s400/image025.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608778140099033154" /></a></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">f) Efficiency K40 for Gamma Spectrometry</span></i></b></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP0sb9EfD-id_bd-eaqio3YVQMeGM2LsEC0opC_KumxGy-wjLuZIeFcpuZYU6WpWslf5rxZsrhyphenhyphenFaEN4btp_7c_MrtV0TuUNTnUOKx2qeuXPqnEPW8dNzQ6yEqJuK0OYCLzzXtAPdaqpFB/s1600/image025.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">(eg. Counting time = 43200 s, peak area = 140 000)</span></i></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "></span></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><i><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; "><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1YvCGJ4UxnjeJ2z9zDUv-zCEMZjESk0RksYAw1tsB_KH0HWwOOJCY9xYkM0IpBDDKXAoxmCqBDLkinRsgP0sLYJVHOQ1v9pueoAx0WJ6lkqncjlW6VwHHeyiyx08g-gdEuuy3bNnMQXOG/s1600/image026.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 189px; height: 36px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1YvCGJ4UxnjeJ2z9zDUv-zCEMZjESk0RksYAw1tsB_KH0HWwOOJCY9xYkM0IpBDDKXAoxmCqBDLkinRsgP0sLYJVHOQ1v9pueoAx0WJ6lkqncjlW6VwHHeyiyx08g-gdEuuy3bNnMQXOG/s400/image026.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608777893418226946" /></a></span></div></i></b></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1YvCGJ4UxnjeJ2z9zDUv-zCEMZjESk0RksYAw1tsB_KH0HWwOOJCY9xYkM0IpBDDKXAoxmCqBDLkinRsgP0sLYJVHOQ1v9pueoAx0WJ6lkqncjlW6VwHHeyiyx08g-gdEuuy3bNnMQXOG/s1600/image026.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-77VcI8wGXnQNX79NHmXQ3AoKEtoOZzPYJCKTVkUcZMJpScSmBYNqfDaS6jeIwTKRQAYl-Ikbcwm8sO6yG-8KnqUHDaRvPTuYglrp8cW9lof45rUAUviMLfgDwY3MB4a7SnDm_XlSab1m/s1600/image027.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 145px; height: 19px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-77VcI8wGXnQNX79NHmXQ3AoKEtoOZzPYJCKTVkUcZMJpScSmBYNqfDaS6jeIwTKRQAYl-Ikbcwm8sO6yG-8KnqUHDaRvPTuYglrp8cW9lof45rUAUviMLfgDwY3MB4a7SnDm_XlSab1m/s400/image027.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608777890216752946" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCz_JDByNphuJlbdTLEPdNnr0L0dit6j6A-phTdqQOgrmo0KZ9_mSLIUxpGpMqFFkt8goqHD3ARVT5aG_Y2U-IHC-zOyIHfLSt9PzNNMAoq9QpWVzoUXCb8Qryac6_rWQOj4HZDMGHzDF5/s1600/image028.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 261px; height: 19px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCz_JDByNphuJlbdTLEPdNnr0L0dit6j6A-phTdqQOgrmo0KZ9_mSLIUxpGpMqFFkt8goqHD3ARVT5aG_Y2U-IHC-zOyIHfLSt9PzNNMAoq9QpWVzoUXCb8Qryac6_rWQOj4HZDMGHzDF5/s400/image028.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608777887293696290" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHIEWiDigvo2_tZLyL4wNWLXRpAdv7AKcg_PRjiLzm1vl_UJA-IIbcjUjfVJYassJmrBECPdlFttGShCAmtcldn_05B5WvGYu255sOPoscdxr7FTqD30Bn48Cp5_3Z-FGlm0iyM2Q5EH5I/s1600/image029.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 165px; height: 19px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHIEWiDigvo2_tZLyL4wNWLXRpAdv7AKcg_PRjiLzm1vl_UJA-IIbcjUjfVJYassJmrBECPdlFttGShCAmtcldn_05B5WvGYu255sOPoscdxr7FTqD30Bn48Cp5_3Z-FGlm0iyM2Q5EH5I/s400/image029.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608777878682641394" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIJYSO2ois_qp31sHqam6xg2lmsfCeexGLLX1R3tr47DaVIICJxOer6Cq0nAyOk8FDsCwmIb36GygsniBzBO2EyAbeWf9bntB7rRK1OEInkO7RB6JPAXpOx-_qw3u5-bnaVKuImWZ1m8mp/s1600/image030.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 163px; height: 19px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIJYSO2ois_qp31sHqam6xg2lmsfCeexGLLX1R3tr47DaVIICJxOer6Cq0nAyOk8FDsCwmIb36GygsniBzBO2EyAbeWf9bntB7rRK1OEInkO7RB6JPAXpOx-_qw3u5-bnaVKuImWZ1m8mp/s400/image030.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608777873480546978" /></a></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIJYSO2ois_qp31sHqam6xg2lmsfCeexGLLX1R3tr47DaVIICJxOer6Cq0nAyOk8FDsCwmIb36GygsniBzBO2EyAbeWf9bntB7rRK1OEInkO7RB6JPAXpOx-_qw3u5-bnaVKuImWZ1m8mp/s1600/image030.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpyNMx9Sa4FiyKIhRKIRQl912tjKckaDD6_TONPJVY_yX9Yy4Xko82S3vFTvGSXg8VDtohdCaGIipkfFk77vtVNw9sxB_KwSkT4zlJZYELWGNNaXcFs9VSSYhnsrjC3YWrEyQIzIGlg6fm/s1600/image031.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 264px; height: 39px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpyNMx9Sa4FiyKIhRKIRQl912tjKckaDD6_TONPJVY_yX9Yy4Xko82S3vFTvGSXg8VDtohdCaGIipkfFk77vtVNw9sxB_KwSkT4zlJZYELWGNNaXcFs9VSSYhnsrjC3YWrEyQIzIGlg6fm/s400/image031.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608777748397729106" /></a></span></div><div><br /></div></span><div><span><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpyNMx9Sa4FiyKIhRKIRQl912tjKckaDD6_TONPJVY_yX9Yy4Xko82S3vFTvGSXg8VDtohdCaGIipkfFk77vtVNw9sxB_KwSkT4zlJZYELWGNNaXcFs9VSSYhnsrjC3YWrEyQIzIGlg6fm/s1600/image031.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbS3zDjK84ncFUT96V-gTIPuTB2d9MXh_mlQdQkkmGQfT94YMlQ4sn9450kOtyVZzEkFUzRvc4cw1dvppLue9DRrdiWmzDkGYb9hZVR8Y1TVl8Xf94yUyrulffzNh32IIrYgq8IpdtxgMX/s1600/image032.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 85px; height: 19px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbS3zDjK84ncFUT96V-gTIPuTB2d9MXh_mlQdQkkmGQfT94YMlQ4sn9450kOtyVZzEkFUzRvc4cw1dvppLue9DRrdiWmzDkGYb9hZVR8Y1TVl8Xf94yUyrulffzNh32IIrYgq8IpdtxgMX/s400/image032.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5608777742967204162" /></a></span></span><br /></div><div><span></font><br /></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div></div>sehzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10581460158131896228noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6334388388599017688.post-88467898553385580722011-05-04T14:04:00.007+08:002011-09-13T12:47:47.697+08:00Statistic - Q test<div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; "></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px; "></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Theory</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><br /></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span">In a set of replicate measurements of a physical or chemical quantity, one or more of the obtained values may differ considerably from the majority of the rest. In this case there is always a strong motivation to eliminate those deviant values and not to include them in any subsequent calculation (e.g. of the mean value and/or of the standard deviation). This is permitted only if the suspect values can be "legitimately" characterized as outliers.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span">Usually, an outlier is defined as an observation that is generated from a different model or a different distribution than was the main "body" of data. Although this definition implies that an outlier may be found anywhere within the range of observations, it is natural to suspect and examine as possible outliers only the extreme values.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span">The rejection of suspect observations must be based exclusively on an objective criterion and not on subjective or intuitive grounds. This can be achieved by using statistically sound tests for "the detection of outliers".</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span">The Dixon's Q-test is the simpler test of this type and it is usually the only one described in textbooks of Analytical Chemistry in the chapters of data treatment. This test allows us to examine if one (and only one) observation from a small set of replicate observations (typically 3 to 10) can be "legitimately" rejected or not.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span">Q-test is based on the statistical distribution of "subrange ratios" of ordered data samples, drawn from the same normal population. Hence, a normal (Gaussian) distribution of data is assumed whenever this test is applied. In case of the detection and rejection of an outier, Q-test cannot be reapplied on the set of the remaining observations.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span">In statistics, <b>Dixon's <i>Q</i> test</b>, or simply the <b><i>Q</i> test</b>, is used for identification and rejection of outliers. This test should be used sparingly and never more than once in a data set. To apply a<i>Q</i> test for bad data, arrange the data in order of increasing values and calculate <i>Q</i> as defined:</span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 13px; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><img class="tex" alt=" Q = \frac{\text{gap}}{\text{range}} " src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/b/0/a/b0ae617f8d0a6fe800366318d71bae5d.png" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 13px; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Where <i>gap</i> is the absolute difference between the outlier in question and the closest number to it. If <i>Q</i><sub style="line-height: 1em; ">calculated</sub> > <i>Q</i><sub style="line-height: 1em; ">table</sub> then reject the questionable point.</b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 13px; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><br /></b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 13px; "><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span">EXAMPLE:</span></b></i></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 13px; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>For the data:</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 13px; "><b><br /></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span">0.189, 0.167, 0.187, 0.183, 0.186, 0.182, 0.181, 0.184, 0.181, 0.177</span></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 13px; "><b><br /></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 13px; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Arranged in increasing order:</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 13px; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><br /></b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px; "><b>0.167, 0.177, 0.181, 0.181, 0.182, 0.183, 0.184, 0.186, 0.187, 0.189</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 13px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; "><b><br /></b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 13px; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Outlier is 0.167. Calculate <i>Q</i>:</b></span></p><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; "><dd style="text-align: center;line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><img class="tex" alt="Q=\frac{\text{gap}}{\text{range}} = \frac{0.177-0.167}{0.189-0.167}=0.455." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/d/a/7/da77c3b0a1ddfffc6329bba4296af443.png" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></span></dd></dl><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 13px; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 13px; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>With 10 observations, <i>Q</i><sub style="line-height: 1em; ">calculated</sub> (0.455) > <i>Q</i><sub style="line-height: 1em; ">table</sub> (0.412), so reject it with 90% confidence. However, at 95% confidence, <i>Q</i><sub style="line-height: 1em; ">calculated</sub> (0.455) < <i>Q</i><sub style="line-height: 1em; ">table</sub> (0.466).</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 13px; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Therefore keep 0.167 at 95% confidence or reject it at 90% confidence.</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 13px; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 13px; "><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span">TABLE</span></i></b></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 13px; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>This table summarize the limit values of the test.</b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 13px; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE3YBpdo8IcSJb5XnUahYkkdZGo1uDr_F30rzmqE9Q9IfBSG_Do_RsMEdMQhXNWoq0EaleVlHGTEXuDg6KvS6711uIm5-KKar4q-j33_Bc92iWFFmHeIITaUsFvtd7wVISB95ZRl7p4Ic/s400/ACRN+July+Table+2.png" style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 247px;" border="0" alt="" /></b></span></p><div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;">(sources: wikipedia, </span><a href="http://www.chem.uoa.gr/applets/AppletQtest/Text_Qtest2.htm">http://www.chem.uoa.gr/applets/AppletQtest/Text_Qtest2.htm</a><b>)</b></span></div><p></p>sehzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10581460158131896228noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6334388388599017688.post-49851519285184128352011-04-24T14:26:00.003+08:002011-04-24T15:08:24.793+08:00EDXRF - Calibration<span style="font-style: italic;">Guideline for students</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The most important task that need to be completed in sample measurement is calibration of the instrument. without the calibration, the quantitative analysis can't be done and to do that, we need to get the calibration graph and their equation. this is the manual technique for carried out the calibration of the instrument. below is a technical note of standard calibration of EDXRF.<br /><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz_aXnF85omAKPL0z1rqwUEzgBg5BEPvLHkWHtewUQtKjoV1Llqs3xHHEV_0keQ1FIcVY-HomSmf7JSmyMr3ZLZOTi3J3wSqBSW3AzHV3K_byin6gGvQnX_8hXI_lgfjGdyXkPPEiotFU3/s1600/std.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 267px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz_aXnF85omAKPL0z1rqwUEzgBg5BEPvLHkWHtewUQtKjoV1Llqs3xHHEV_0keQ1FIcVY-HomSmf7JSmyMr3ZLZOTi3J3wSqBSW3AzHV3K_byin6gGvQnX_8hXI_lgfjGdyXkPPEiotFU3/s400/std.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5599033954994614802" border="0" /></a><br /><div style="text-align: center;">to view full page <a href="http://www.keepandshare.com/doc/2765585/standard-calibration-xrf-pdf-april-24-2011-2-21-pm-233k?da=y" target="_blank">[click here]</a><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">when do the calibration, student need to do some background study about EDXRF and literature review. Further literature review about the condition of the samples, energy line measure, measured line ( K, L, M), sample preparation and others will help student more understand.<br /><br /><br /></div></div>sehzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10581460158131896228noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6334388388599017688.post-23993777798949352762011-04-22T09:46:00.004+08:002011-04-22T10:07:35.286+08:00EDXRF - Periodic Table and Peak Identification<div style="text-align: justify;">This is the Periodic Table and Peak Identification for EDXRF. It include the type of filter recommended for each element in XRF measurement and also the energy line measured for the elements. The Peak Identification is to identify the energy peak of element in the spectrum.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">(to download - right click at [Download] and save as).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxpOuYTrdlTEJpO6DrrHauPaTlSjQtC4g3yhaJQ9136APrCVA90wMDAWiTdj934FCgR5jqKiKcqlfiUKHjxW8wr5Un3Unwz89vbQ0BKUT9LcE2lc18zUYFkuTAQFb6c0awkkxH6TAQ0UNK/s1600/pppppp.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 335px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxpOuYTrdlTEJpO6DrrHauPaTlSjQtC4g3yhaJQ9136APrCVA90wMDAWiTdj934FCgR5jqKiKcqlfiUKHjxW8wr5Un3Unwz89vbQ0BKUT9LcE2lc18zUYFkuTAQFb6c0awkkxH6TAQ0UNK/s400/pppppp.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5598219962789928370" /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxpOuYTrdlTEJpO6DrrHauPaTlSjQtC4g3yhaJQ9136APrCVA90wMDAWiTdj934FCgR5jqKiKcqlfiUKHjxW8wr5Un3Unwz89vbQ0BKUT9LcE2lc18zUYFkuTAQFb6c0awkkxH6TAQ0UNK/s1600/pppppp.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a>preview</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">The Periodic Table of The Elements <a href="https://www.opendrive.com/files/24136616_7puuy/The%20Periodic%20Table%20of%20The%20Elements.pdf">[Download]</a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Peak Identification Chart <a href="https://www.opendrive.com/files/24136615_uewvP/Peak%20Identification%20Chart.pdf">[Download]</a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span">post by,</span></b></i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Mr Admin</span></b></i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>sehzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10581460158131896228noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6334388388599017688.post-56326153181642175532011-04-22T00:16:00.005+08:002011-04-22T01:07:59.655+08:00General Laboratory Practice and Regulation<p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><a name="General rules and savety regulations"><big></big></a></p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Here is some general practice and regulation for Blok G4 Lab. All student need to read and follow the rules given.</b></span></p><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><strong>General</strong></span></p><ol><li>Bring only the necessary things in.</li><li>In the lab you must wear a labcoat but especially during working with instruments and chemicals. without labcoat, student are prohibit from using/conducting the instrument. </li><li>wear gloves when handling samples and chemicals.</li><li>If you wear gloves, never touch doorhandles, equipment, keyboards, computers, lightswitches etc with the gloved hand. If you don't trust it is "clean", then use a clean tissue to touch it.</li><li>It is strictly prohibited to eat, drink or smoke in the lab.</li><li>It is prohibited to write or stick comments on the lab equipment without permission.</li><li>It is prohibited to take chemicals, reagent without permission</li></ol><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><strong>Safety</strong></p><ol><li>Always read instructions on the chemicals and reagents first before using them. In case of doubt consult the labtechnician.</li><li>Dispose chemical/biological waste in appropraite containers </li><li>Special attention must be given to hazardous chemicals/reagents.</li><li>Wash your hands before you leave the lab.</li></ol><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><strong>Cleaning</strong></p><ol><li>Keep the lab tidy. Everyone has to clean lab table before leaving.</li><li>Everyone who used the facillities of the lab that month must help to clean it.</li><li>Cleaning of glassware after used</li><li>In case of little spilling, clean area with tissues </li><li>Cleaning of spilles chemicals (especially near the balances):<br />Always clean spilled chemicals immediately. In case of spilling hazardous chemicals, mark but avoid the contaminated area and contact the labtechnician.</li></ol><p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><strong>Machines</strong></p><ol><li>When you use a machine and you are not familiar with it, read the equipment instructions carefully and ask person in-charge.</li><li>When you want to use the on your own, you need permission from person in-charge.</li><li>It is not allowed to install any software on the instrument computer.</li><li>To save your data, please used blank CD/DVD instead of USB storage to avoid virus spread on the computer.</li></ol><div>more will be added later if necessary..</div><div><br /></div><div>TQ,</div><div><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Mr Admin</span></b></i></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>sehzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10581460158131896228noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6334388388599017688.post-31324106640451111562011-04-21T14:59:00.007+08:002011-04-22T00:52:34.225+08:00EDXRF - student reminder<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b><span>Attention to all students,</span></b><span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" >Before used EDXRF, all student must attend the <b>training course</b> conducted by person in-charge and will be made in group. Student who missed the training course will not be allowed to use the instrument. There is <b>No Excuse</b> for the time of the training course. This is to make sure all the students follow-up the training.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b><span>To book</span></b><span> EDXRF for the measurement, please contact person in-charge to add your name in the Online Schedule <b>one week advance</b> before the date. Before that, please <b>check at the Online Schedule</b> for the availability of the day you want to use it. The Information that needs to be submitted to the person in-charge is:</span></span></p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; "><span >Name<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; "><span >ID<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; "><span >Program<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; "><span >H/P no.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; "><span >Main Supervisor name<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; "><span >sample type<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; "><span >Date and time<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;line-height:normal"><span >The date and time need to be discuss with the Person In-charge and can be change without prior of notice.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span class="Apple-style-span" >The <b>Online Schedule</b> can be view at <a href="http://radiokimia.blogspot.com/p/schedule.html"><span>http://radiokimia.blogspot.com/p/schedule.html</span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" >Every week, one person in-charge will take over and will always change every week. In order for the EDXRF to operate, the <b>person in-charge needs to be present</b> for safety and monitoring reason. Current person in-charge:</span></span></p> <ol start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; "><span ><b>Miss Linda<o:p></o:p></b></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; "><span ><b>Mr Najif</b><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; "><i><span ><b>Mr Admin</b></span></i></li></ol><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br />TQ,</span><div><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" >Mr. Admin</span></i></b></div><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></b></div>sehzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10581460158131896228noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6334388388599017688.post-35828022588380894732011-04-20T21:31:00.006+08:002011-04-22T17:20:26.460+08:00Software<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">To download the software, please right click at [Download] and save as.</span><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span">1. Gamma Spectrometry software</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><img src="http://www.analytical-online.com/Products/Analytical_instru/images/gvision.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 201px; height: 147px;" alt="" border="0" /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span">GammaVision V6.07</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="https://www.opendrive.com/files/23935072_1sfo5/GammaVision%206_07%20%28G%29%20SN-200806008.rar">[D</a></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="https://www.opendrive.com/files/23935072_1sfo5/GammaVision%206_07%20%28G%29%20SN-200806008.rar">ownload]</a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span">2. EDXRF software</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span">For MiniPal software, Download All Part for complete software.</span></li></ul></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><img src="http://www.professionalsystems.pk/images/product/prod_707.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 200px;" alt="" border="0" /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span">MiniPal Software</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span">Part 1 <a href="https://www.opendrive.com/files/23940462_h8Y83/MINIPAL%20Software.part1.rar">[Download]</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span">Part 2 <a href="https://www.opendrive.com/files/23940464_VnI05/MINIPAL%20Software.part2.rar">[Download]</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span">Part 3 <a href="https://www.opendrive.com/files/23940465_I8Gf0/MINIPAL%20Software.part3.rar">[Download]</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span">Part 4 <a href="https://www.opendrive.com/files/23940466_aO3w8/MINIPAL%20Software.part4.rar">[Download]</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span">3. Mapping software</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVndd8f_5P3LITWzGPtPWafUV-nzpkSlPdsKfb2xvbuqN3bmQULG9-6tU6KVhTtJ-BHOBQyx5DlEwTOlWYTy_9FdJbZ0fCfLYK9vSvhbxKGexF7eN_Bv6vIv6OgZXHC4t3pSVR7xwiybU/" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 254px; height: 170px;" alt="" border="0" /><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span">Surfer-8</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="https://www.opendrive.com/files/23935932_B4bS9/Surfer-8%20program%20setup.rar">[Download]</a></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></div></span></span><div style="text-align: left;">4. statistic_analysis_software<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://shareme.com/images/large/xlstat_pro-64874.gif"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 270px; height: 194px;" src="http://shareme.com/images/large/xlstat_pro-64874.gif" alt="" border="0" /></a>XLSTAT_PRO<br /><a href="http://www.4shared.com/get/EHVKBKMc/XLStat_Pro.html" target="_blank">[Download]</a><br /><br /><br /><br /></div></div></div>sehzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10581460158131896228noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6334388388599017688.post-5265719155075643152011-04-20T11:22:00.003+08:002011-04-22T10:05:41.690+08:00Gamma Peaks U and Th<div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmAufxSV9_Q-0v4xmduDNrba8w5q4V2cIkmj3653ALp8DqHZ9_HVyNXik5Hb9WsAwGBUHYv9JqFMDCPQsSVD2YFqKjUTQRB2JOadY9z2JkrtTRFNPXA0E46qByUoILUtiTH8k4SaUX_BwO/s1600/ggg.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 339px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmAufxSV9_Q-0v4xmduDNrba8w5q4V2cIkmj3653ALp8DqHZ9_HVyNXik5Hb9WsAwGBUHYv9JqFMDCPQsSVD2YFqKjUTQRB2JOadY9z2JkrtTRFNPXA0E46qByUoILUtiTH8k4SaUX_BwO/s400/ggg.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5597502471809133346" /></a><div style="text-align: center;">Preview</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>To fully view of this document <a href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B7JxRm0cPvCHNjMyYWVmYzItYzk3NC00NDlmLWE1MmUtNTk3MTM5MGUwZTNl&hl=en&authkey=CInW-_cE" target="_blank">[click here]</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>sehzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10581460158131896228noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6334388388599017688.post-42119323846765031942011-04-18T20:48:00.004+08:002011-04-18T21:01:14.026+08:00EDXRF Principle<a href="http://www.goldtester.in/images/Xrf-Gold-Tester_xrf-principle.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 521px; height: 548px;" src="http://www.goldtester.in/images/Xrf-Gold-Tester_xrf-principle.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><u><a href="http://www.goldtester.in/introduction-of-XRF-technology.html">(Source figure)</a></u></span></div><a href="http://www.goldtester.in/images/Xrf-Gold-Tester_xrf-principle.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Figure 1 show the principle of XRF, An inner shell electron is excited by an incident photon in the X-ray region. During the De-excitation process, an electron is moving from a higher energy level to fill the vacancy created by ab ejection. the energy difference between the two shells appears as an X-ray emitted by the atom. the energy of the peaks lead to the identification of the elements present in the sample (qualitative analysis), while the peak intensity provides the relevant or absolute elemental concentration (semi quantitative/quantitative analysis).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div>sehzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10581460158131896228noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6334388388599017688.post-62158512315906922032011-04-18T20:06:00.005+08:002011-04-18T20:25:49.432+08:00Type of radiation and their penetrating powers<span class="Apple-style-span" ><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiicXiGyXxcLqhgbgUTsk7vyrLSIaU9ZHj3KD01CfkxrhkLKwkqy4ABVrlLTYLfPw7G7aCWuyo2M4gvV5Z1quzw7ky2vREhUU6VeUUN39_TGDPomT9mEI3-cDlaY6GDoD_ei_toz6TGgMd7/s1600/ppp.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 500px; height: 373px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiicXiGyXxcLqhgbgUTsk7vyrLSIaU9ZHj3KD01CfkxrhkLKwkqy4ABVrlLTYLfPw7G7aCWuyo2M4gvV5Z1quzw7ky2vREhUU6VeUUN39_TGDPomT9mEI3-cDlaY6GDoD_ei_toz6TGgMd7/s400/ppp.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5596897916923814834" /></a></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); "><a href="http://www.remnet.jp/english/lecture/b03_01/e_04-04-02.html">(Source: <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; ">Radiation Emergency Medicine Information network, REMnet</span></a>)</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>sehzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10581460158131896228noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6334388388599017688.post-73401329774820629572011-04-18T19:49:00.004+08:002011-04-18T19:55:53.119+08:00Sources of Radiation<a href="http://www.world-nuclear.org/uploadedImages/org/info/radsources[1].gif?n=4956" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 550px; height: 311px;" src="http://www.world-nuclear.org/uploadedImages/org/info/radsources[1].gif?n=4956" border="0" alt="" /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(0, 139, 254); "><a href="http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf05.html" style="text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(0, 139, 254); ">(Source: World Nuclear Association, WNA)</a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; "><br /></span></div>sehzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10581460158131896228noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6334388388599017688.post-28037855320363919772011-04-18T19:40:00.006+08:002011-04-18T19:49:17.591+08:00U-235, U-238 and Th-232 Decay Series<a href="http://www.world-nuclear.org/uploadedImages/org/info/radioactive_decay_series.png" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 550px; height: 609px;" src="http://www.world-nuclear.org/uploadedImages/org/info/radioactive_decay_series.png" border="0" alt="" /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf05.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" >(Source: World Nuclear Association, WNA)</span></a></div>sehzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10581460158131896228noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6334388388599017688.post-44897318862603889642011-04-18T17:28:00.005+08:002011-04-18T19:30:01.460+08:00Soil Map Peninsular Malaysia<a target="_blank" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5_2N2INX0y4fzxNGPYNAXdur8K_xwFDE6EA2Mw4Ge0K8loYOlyBbEYz6lMWYQVjV2uAzShLtE6WR9sCfXC6f3YIHtWKbjnx92XANCwX1rcXbOhsVLBLc160I6Mmpgr8YvyXQg4mvhYk3R/s1600/Picture1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 328px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5_2N2INX0y4fzxNGPYNAXdur8K_xwFDE6EA2Mw4Ge0K8loYOlyBbEYz6lMWYQVjV2uAzShLtE6WR9sCfXC6f3YIHtWKbjnx92XANCwX1rcXbOhsVLBLc160I6Mmpgr8YvyXQg4mvhYk3R/s400/Picture1.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5596854014212413170" /></a><div><div style="text-align: center;"><u><br /></u></div></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;">To get better view of this map, download the map</div><div style="text-align: center;">(right click and save as)</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.opendrive.com/files/23650398_qd6Q9/Picture1.jpg">[Download]</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>sehzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10581460158131896228noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6334388388599017688.post-24319516410919646942011-04-18T16:35:00.008+08:002011-04-18T19:28:20.637+08:00Nuclear Periodic Table<a target="_blank" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHTXc9gJOY4Ck5TmxUdlhw4p5zN5WefAj6vCboaOpmG_f6edxhZf8CTCH6_k1KIM-7bEgx29pLwus9a-MHtk2BDbznU-IzqRJtKDrs2bqwad21QSPA0IsDBMkhPlLBS6i5CzJBxDbGDtEa/s1600/NuclearPeriodicTable.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 260px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHTXc9gJOY4Ck5TmxUdlhw4p5zN5WefAj6vCboaOpmG_f6edxhZf8CTCH6_k1KIM-7bEgx29pLwus9a-MHtk2BDbznU-IzqRJtKDrs2bqwad21QSPA0IsDBMkhPlLBS6i5CzJBxDbGDtEa/s400/NuclearPeriodicTable.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5596839824799893170" /></a><div style="text-align: center;">(click to enlarge)</div>sehzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10581460158131896228noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6334388388599017688.post-77911851664280759692011-04-18T15:56:00.002+08:002011-04-18T16:35:14.446+08:00Environmental StudyIn this research, we focus our finding on:<div>1. Natural Radionuclides in environment</div><div>2. Heavy Metals in environment</div><div>3. Water Quality</div><div><br /></div><div>There are also guideline for student undergoing the research method for better understanding about the theory of the measurement. Understanding the theory will help us know the important part of the research.</div><div> </div><div><br /></div>sehzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10581460158131896228noreply@blogger.com0